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Martinez-Study: Notes

 
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Noteslink

  1. Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4 (also available as United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.XIV.3).
  2. Ibid., paras. 388-392.
  3. Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/22, Annex I (Recommendations to the Sub-Commission), Recommendation 3.
  4. Document E/CN. 4/Sub.2/1988/24/Add.1.
  5. Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33.
  6. Documents E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27 and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23.
  7. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24, Add. 1, paras. 21-23.
  8. Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras. 92-93, 106-107, and 110-114.
  9. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 169.
  10. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24, Add. 1, para. 12; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 92.
  11. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras. 95-100; for implementation, see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 48-129. It must be mentioned that the language barrier made it impossible for the Special Rapporteur to review the scanty information available to him in the case of the Indigenous peoples of Siberia.
  12. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 325.
  13. 1155 United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS), 331, Article 2-1(a).
  14. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 332.
  15. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 288, 293.
  16. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 314.
  17. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 367-370.
  18. These were: the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, the 1751 Border Treaty between Sweden/Finland and Norway/Denmark, the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the 1794 Jay Treaty, the 1819 Adam-Onis Treaty, the 1848 Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, the 1867 Purchase of Alaska, the 1916 Migratory Birds Convention and the 1989 ILO Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries; compare E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 363 -390.
  19. Further review of issues related to this type of consenual compacts will be made in Chapter Il-B of this Report.
  20. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 140-171.
  21. E.g. Sharon Venne, “Understanding Treaty Six: Indigenous Perspective,” in: Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (M. Asch Ed.) (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1996), p.173-204; Treaty Seven Elders and Tribal Council, The original Spirit and Intent of Treaty Seven (Montréal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996).
  22. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 98; for implementation, see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 48-129. Compare also infra, Chapter II.
  23. E/CN.4/1995/27, para. 126.
  24. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 116.
  25. Resolution 1994/4, of 19 August 1994.
  26. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 116, 128.
  27. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 307.
  28. Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations, Vol. V: “Conclusions, Proposals and Recommendations,” document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4, paras. 388-392.
  29. It should be noted, however, that the Special Rapporteur has from the beginning, repeatedly deplored (see for example, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 32.), the very limited response to his questionnaire from Indigenous nations/organizations, a situation which improved considerably after 1995 as a result of the efforts by some organizations such as the International Indian Treaty Council. In addition, he has also had to contend with the widespread lack of response from Governments concerned to their version of the questionnaire. Of the very few received, some were of a merely general or formal nature with little of substance.
  30. Compare E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992, para. 392.
  31. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 89.
  32. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 32, 40.
  33. Compare E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 336.
  34. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 133.
  35. He had nevertheless identified a small number of documents relating to situations in South America, which “date back to early republican days in at least two countries”; see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991//33, paras. 103, 104.
  36. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 145-170. In February 1998, Mapuche authorities in their lands of today’s Chilean province of Cautín solemnly submitted copious documentation related to a number of those parlamentos to the Special Rapporteur. Until June 1998, only an initial review of said documentation has been possible.
  37. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, paras. 138, 139; compare also E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 130.
  38. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 176-201, 202-237 and 28-249.
  39. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 27-79, 81-115 and 145-170.
  40. E.g. Sébastien Grammond, Les traités entre 1’Etat canadien et les peuples autochtones (Cowansville, Québec: Editions Yvon Blais, 1995); Francis P. Prucha, American Indian Treaties. The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
  41. Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Vol. 2, “Restructuring the Relationship,” Part One, Recommendation 2.2.2 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1996), p. 49.
  42. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, paras. 130-311, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 27-209.
  43. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 96.
  44. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 347.
  45. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 171-196.
  46. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 117-125 and 126-144.
  47. Compare E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 338.
  48. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23, paras. 85-115.
  49. By the same token, the Special Rapporteur wishes to correct an error of generalization he made in para. 87 of his third progress report (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/23), regarding the Déné and Métis of the Mackenzie Valley (Northwest Territories).
  50. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/32, para. 359.
  51. Compare E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/27, para. 225.
  52. CHR resolution 1988/56 (op. para. 2), and ECOSOC decision 1988/134 (op. para. 2).
  53. Document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/24/Add. 1.
  54. Pontificio Consejo “Justicia y Paz”, Para una Mejor Distribución de la Tierra: El reto de la reforma agraria, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City, 1997, para. 55.
  55. Article 1 of the Draft Declaration. See document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/56, at 105.
  56. Sub-Commission resolution 1994/45 of 26 August 1994.
  57. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, 25 June, 1993, Section 2-B-2, para. 31.
  58. U.N. document A/Conf. 39/27, Fourth Annex, Article 4.
  59. U.S. Stat. 635 (1868)
  60. 207 Ct. Cl. at 241, 518 F.2d at 1302 (1975)
  61. United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)
  62. Claudia Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, Allen & Unwin, Wellington, 1987, pp. 32-33, and 122.
  63. Chief Oren Lyons from the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The document was personally submitted to the Special Rapporteur in February 1998.
  64. Article 35 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties makes such an acceptance indispensable for an obligation to be established for third parties to any treaty.
  65. 1975 I.C.J. 12.
  66. 175 C.L.R. 1 (1992).
  67. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/24, Add. 1, para. 10, and E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, paras. 71 and 74.
  68. Ibid., para. 14.
  69. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/33, para. 85.
  70. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/ 1991/33, para. 118.
  71. Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Vol. 2, “Restructuring the Relationship,” Part One (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1996).



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